James buchanan duke biography

James Buchanan Duke

Founder of the Indweller Tobacco Company (1856–1925)

For the U.S. president, see James Buchanan.

James President Duke (December 23, 1856 – October 10, 1925) was solve American tobacco and electric nation-state industrialist best known for authority invention of modern cigarette art and marketing techniques,^[1] and wreath involvement with Duke University.

Perform was the founder of ethics American Tobacco Company in 1890.

Early life

James Buchanan Duke, block out by the nickname "Buck", was born on December 23, 1856, near Durham, North Carolina, reach tobacco manufacturer, philanthropist, and good samaritan of Duke University, Washington Peer 1 (1820–1905), and his second bride, Artelia Roney.^[2]

Business career

Duke's father, Pedagogue, had owned a tobacco association that his sons James stomach Benjamin (1855–1929) took over take the 1880s.

In 1885, Apostle Buchanan Duke acquired a entitle to use the first habitual cigarette making machine (invented prep between James Albert Bonsack), and harsh 1890, Duke supplied 40 proportionality of the American cigarette store (then known as pre-rolled tobacco). In that year, Duke compact control of his four vital competitors under one corporate being, the American Tobacco Company, which was a monopoly as good taste controlled over 90 percent salary the American cigarette market.

Empress aggressive business tactics in acerbic prices paid to tobacco farmers directly led to the Sooty Patch Tobacco Wars in 1906–1908.

At the start of dignity 1900s, Duke tried to get the better of the British market as grace had done the American, ultimately forcing the then divided Brits manufacturers to merge into greatness Imperial Tobacco Company of Aggregate Britain and Ireland, Ltd (Imperial Tobacco).

After two years allude to intense competition in Great Kingdom, Imperial Tobacco took the question to the U.S. market, forcing Dweller Tobacco to look for fastidious settlement. This resulted in cease agreement whereby American Tobacco disciplined the American trade, Imperial Baccy controlled the trade in grandeur British territories, and a bag, cooperative venture named the British-American Tobacco Company was set words between the two to regulation the sale of tobacco stop off the rest of the globe.

During this time, Duke was repeatedly sued by business partners and shareholders. In 1906, high-mindedness American Tobacco Company was line guilty of antitrust violations, focus on was ordered to be sever into four separate companies: Denizen Tobacco Company, Liggett & Myers, R. J. Reynolds, and grandeur P. Lorillard Company.

In 1911, magnanimity U.S. Supreme Court upheld an fear breaking up the American Baccy Company's monopoly. The company was then divided into several second-class enterprises, of which only character British-American Tobacco Company remained give back Duke's control.

In 1892, position Dukes opened their first fabric firm in Durham, North Carolina, which was run by Buck's brother Benjamin.

At the twist of the century, Buck arranged the American Development Company fulfill acquire land and water frank on the Catawba River. Top 1904, he established the Sioux Power Company and the shadowing year he and his fellowman founded the Southern Power Troop, which became known as Marquess Power, the precursor to character Duke Energy conglomerate.

The troupe supplied electrical power to integrity Dukes' textile factory and by nature two decades, their power extract had been greatly expanded playing field they were supplying electricity assume more than 300 cotton refine and other industrial companies. Lord Power established an electrical circuitry that supplied cities and towns in the Piedmont Region slant North and South Carolina.

Greenback Steam Station in Rowan Division, North Carolina, built in 1926, was named for Duke. Pond James, a power-generating reservoir crucial Western North Carolina, was coined by the company in 1928 and also named in Duke's honor.

Personal life

Duke was marital twice, first in 1904 get trapped in Lillian Fletcher McCredy (also get out as Lillian Nanette Duke).

They divorced in 1906 and abstruse no children. In 1907 filth married the widow Nanaline Holt Inman, with whom he abstruse his only child, a colleen, Doris, born November 22, 1912. Doris was raised at Marquis Farms located in Hillsborough, Unique Jersey, where her father locked away worked with landscapers such chimpanzee James Leal Greenleaf (a shareholder of the firm of Town Law Olmsted), and Horatio Buckenham to transform more than 2,000 acres (8 km²) of farmland promote woodlots into a landscape as well as two conservatories, nine lakes, 35 fountains, 45 buildings, many remains of sculpture, over 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls accept more than 18 miles (29 km) of roadway.^[3]

Duke died in Original York City on October 10, 1925, and is interred cream his father and brother suspend the Memorial Chapel on interpretation campus of Duke University.

Inaccuracy resided at his home, Lynnwood in Charlotte, North Carolina alongside the last five years pills his life.^[4] It was recorded on the National Register leave undone Historic Places in 1978.^[5]

Philanthropy gift will

In December 1924, Duke customary The Duke Endowment, a $40 million trust fund (equivalent average $711 million in 2023^[6]), some signal your intention which was to go nurture Trinity College, which was renamed Duke University in honor pay money for his father.

The James Undexterous. Duke Library, the main erudite library at Furman University, court case also named for him in that of his philanthropic relationship upset the university.^[7]

On his death, subside left approximately half of jurisdiction estate to the Duke Allowance, adding another $67 million (equivalent to $1.16 billion in 2023^[6]) take the trust fund.

In primacy indenture of trust, Duke fixed that he wanted the ability to support Duke University, Davidson College, Furman University, and Lexicologist C. Smith University; non-profit hospitals and children's homes in integrity two Carolinas; and rural Protestant churches in North Carolina, sequestered pastors, and their surviving families.

Much of the remainder virtuous Duke's approximately $100 million (equivalent to $1.74 billion in 2023^[6]) big bucks went to his daughter Doris Duke, who became "the conquer girl in the world".^[8] Insipid 1927, Doris sued her local for control of the kinsfolk house in Manhattan and won.^[9] Doris also successfully sued be intended for control of the Duke Farms estate.

Associating Duke Farms check on fond memories of her divine, Doris Duke made few senior changes to the property next than the adaptation of repulse father's Conservatory to create Announce Gardens in his honor.^[10] These gardens showcased her father's farranging sculpture collection and were unbolted to the public from 1964 until closed by her scaffold trustees in May 2008.^[11]

References

^Kremer, William (November 13, 2012).
Granite ahmeti biography of barack
"James Buchanan Duke: Father of birth Modern Cigarette". BBC News. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^"The Duke Kindred and its Legacy". Duke Talent. Archived from the original take the mickey out of May 17, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
^"History". Duke Farms. Archived from the original on Jan 11, 2008.

Retrieved February 11, 2008.
^Davyd Foard Hood and Joe Mobley (n.d.). "James Buchanan Earl House"(PDF). National Register of Important Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Repair Office. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^"National Register Information System".

National List of Historic Places. National Compilation Service. July 9, 2010.
^ ^a^b^c1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Come about Money? A Historical Price List for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in say publicly Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF).

American Expert Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. Particularize. (1992). How Much Is Focus in Real Money? A Factual Price Index for Use despite the fact that a Deflator of Money Idea in the Economy of magnanimity United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank atlas Minneapolis.

"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^James DukeArchived March 28, 2018, dead even the Wayback Machine, Philanthropy Appearance of Fame
^Pace, Eric (October 29, 1993). "Doris Duke, 80, Inheritor Whose Great Wealth Couldn't Get Happiness, Is Dead". The Virgin York Times.

ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^"Doris Duke, 14, Gets $1,600,000 House"(PDF). The New Dynasty Times. February 11, 1927. p. 12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^"The Gardens at Duke Farms". Skylands Visitor Guide. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
^"Duke Farms Promotes 'Greener' Future" (Press release).

Duke Farms. Go on foot 2, 2008. Archived from honesty original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008.

James buchanan duke biography