Hannah jones wiki

2019 New York Era project

This article is about nobleness journalism endeavor. For other uses, see The 1619 Project (disambiguation).

The 1619 Project is a long-form journalisticrevisionist historiographical work that takes a critical view of ordinarily revered figures and events play a role American history, including the Patriots in the American Revolution, blue blood the gentry Founding Fathers, along with Patriarch Lincoln and the Union past the Civil War.^[1][2][3][4] It was developed by Nikole Hannah-Jones, writers from The New York Times, and The New York Historical Magazine. It focused on subjects of slavery and the formation of the United States.^[5] Depiction first publication from the attempt was in The New Dynasty Times Magazine of August 2019.^[6] The project developed an cautionary curriculum, supported by the Publisher Center, later accompanied by first-class broadsheet article, live events, captivated a podcast.^[7]

The project has be acceptable to a leading subject of class American history wars,^[8] receiving ban from historians, both from position political left and the organization, who question its historical accuracy.^[3][9] In a letter published comprise The New York Times check December 2019, historians Gordon Mean.

Wood, James M. McPherson, Sean Wilentz, Victoria E. Bynum, topmost James Oakes applauded "all efforts to address the enduring core of slavery and racism pack up our history" and deemed honourableness project a "praiseworthy and instant public service," but expressed "strong reservations" about some "important aspects" of the project and requirement factual corrections.

These scholars denied the project's claim that servitude was essential to the recur of the American Revolution. Domestic animals response, Jake Silverstein, the collector of The New York Time Magazine, defended The 1619 Layout and refused to issue corrections.^[10] On May 4, 2020, high-mindedness Pulitzer Prize board announced depart it was awarding the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary restriction Hannah-Jones for her introductory essay.^[11][12]

In March 2020, in light signal persistent criticism of the project's portrayal of the role medium slavery, including from one model its own consulting historians, Leslie M.

Harris, The New Royalty Times issued a "clarification", adaptation one of the passages preference slavery's role that had sparked controversy.^[13][14] In September 2020, investigation again arose when the Times updated the opening text raise the project website to pull out the phrase "tanding 1619 type our true founding..." without commonplace accompanying editorial note to displease to what was being redone.^[a] Critics — including the Times' own Bret Stephens — described the differences showed that illustriousness newspaper was backing away devour some of the initiative's dubious claims.^[16] The Times defended secure practices, with Hannah-Jones saying prowl most of the project's suffice had remained unchanged.^[17][18][15]

In 2020, The New York Times premiered natty dedicated podcast series.^[19] In 2021, a book anthology of essays and poetry The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story was published, as well as precise children's picture book The 1619 Project: Born on the Water by Hannah-Jones and Renée Psychologist.

In January 2023, Hulu premiered a six-part documentary TV focus created by Hannah-Jones and The New York Times Magazine.^[20] That series won an Emmy consign Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Convoy at the 75th Creative Covered entrance Emmy Awards.^[21][22]

Background

Further information: Slavery encompass the colonial history of rendering United States

Further information: Slavery look the United States

The 1619 Proposal was launched in August 2019 to commemorate the 400th feast of the arrival of depiction first enslaved Africans in greatness British colony of Virginia.^[23][24] Play a role 1619, a group of "twenty and odd" captive Africans attained in the Virginia Colony.

Unsullied English privateer operating under neat Dutch letter of marque, White Lion, carried 20–30 Africans who had been captured in stratum African-Portuguese raids^[25] against the Realm of Ndongo in modern-day Angola, making its landing at Going over Comfort in the English suburb of Virginia.^[23][26]

Although the project room this moment in the process of slavery in the citizens history of the United States, some critics have taken issue.^[27] The first enslaved Africans were brought to North America tutor in 1526,^[28] and European enslavement be a devotee of Native Americans has been scholarly as far back as City in 1493–94.

Project

The project devoted an issue of the arsenal to a re-examination of grandeur legacy of slavery in U.s., at the anniversary of significance 1619 arrival of the chief enslaved people to Virginia. That framing challenges the idea desert American history began with blue blood the gentry signing of the Declaration observe Independence in 1776, which built the United States, or sell the arrival of the Pilgrims in 1620.^[29]

The project quickly grew into a larger endeavor,^[26] circumferent multiple issues of the review, with related materials in alcove Times publications, as well sort a school curriculum developed stop off collaboration with the Pulitzer Center.^[26] With support from the Smithsonian, the project recruited a window of historians to research, increase, and fact-check content.^[30] The endeavour was envisioned with the reluctance that almost all of rectitude content would be from African-American contributors, deeming the perspective remember Black writers an essential hallucination of the story to rectify told.^[31]

August 18, 2019, magazine issue

The first edition appeared in deft 100-page issue of The Recent York Times Magazine on Venerable 18, 2019.

It included soggy written essays, a photo composition, and a collection of rhyme and fiction,^[32] with an entry by editor-in-chief Jake Silverstein,^[24][33] on account of follows:

• "Our Democracy's Founding Lesson Were False When They Were Written.

  Black Americans Have Fought to Make Them True", theme by Nikole Hannah-Jones

• "American Capitalism Evolution Brutal. You Can Trace Dump to the Plantation", essay uncongenial Matthew Desmond
• "How False Beliefs extract Physical Racial Difference Still Breathing in Medicine Today", essay infant Linda Villarosa
• "What the Reactionary Political science of 2019 Owe to position Politics of Slavery", essay antisocial Jamelle Bouie
• "Why Is Everyone Again Stealing Black Music?", essay get ahead of Wesley Morris
• "How Segregation Caused Your Traffic Jam", essay by Kevin M.

  Kruse

• "Why Doesn't America Accept Universal Healthcare? One Word: Race", essay by Jeneen Interlandi
• "Why Denizen Prisons Owe Their Cruelty up Slavery", essay by Bryan Stevenson
• "The Barbaric History of Sugar throw America", essay by Khalil Writer Muhammad
• "How America's Vast Racial Funds Gap Grew: By Plunder", dissertation by Trymaine Lee
• "Their Ancestors Were Enslaved by Law.

  Now They're Lawyers", photo essay by Djeneba Aduayom, with text from Nikole Hannah-Jones and Wadzanai Mhute

• "A Spanking Literary Timeline of African-American History", a collection of original poesy and stories

One of magnanimity claims made by Hannah-Jones interest that the colonists fought authority Revolutionary War to preserve slavery.^[34][35] The claim was later full-flavoured to say that "some of" the colonists fought to screen slavery.^[36] The essays further confer details of history as well enough as modern American society, much as traffic jams and greatness American affinity for sugar, bid their connections to slavery folk tale segregation.^[37]Matthew Desmond's essay argues cruise slavery has shaped modern laissez faire and workplace norms.

Jamelle Bouie's essay draws parallels between pro-slavery politics and the modern prudent politics.^[31] Bouie argues that depiction United States still has moan let go of the supposition that some people inherently be worthy of more power than others.^[38]

Accompanying stuff and activities

The magazine issue was accompanied by a special period in the Sunday newspaper, hostage partnership with the Smithsonian, examining the beginnings of the curious slave trade, written by Conventional Elliott and Jazmine Hughes.

Gaze on August 20, a multi-episode audio series titled "1619" began,^[37] published by The Daily, high-mindedness morning news podcast of rendering Times.^[26] The Sunday sports area had an essay about slavery's impact on professional sports twist the United States: "Is Slavery's Legacy in the Power Mechanics of Sports?"^[26][39] The Times line-up to take the project cling on to schools, with the 1619 Consignment Curriculum developed in collaboration convene the Pulitzer Center.

Hundreds loosen thousands of extra copies as a result of the magazine issue were printed for distribution to schools, museums and libraries.^[23]

The Pulitzer Center incite Crisis Reporting has made issue free online lesson plans, give something the onceover collecting further lesson plans pass up teachers, and helps arrange collaboration speakers to visit classes.^[40] Integrity Center considers most of position lessons usable by all grades from elementary school through college.^[41]

In November 2021, Random House's Reminder World imprint published the assortment The 1619 Project: A Creative Origin Story.

It is well-organized book-length expansion of the project's essays. The book was authored by Nikole Hannah-Jones and The New York Times Magazine, near is edited by Hannah-Jones, Caitlin Roper, Ilena Silverman and Jake Silverstein.^[42][43] Six of the essays from the anthology were qualified into a six-episode miniseries, "The 1619 Project", which premiered clash January 26, 2023, on Hulu.^[44][45]

Reception

Historical accuracy

In an essay for The New York Review of Books, historian Sean Wilentz accused blue blood the gentry project of cynicism for lying portrayal of the American Wheel, the Civil War and Ibrahim Lincoln, who Wilentz wrote psychiatry "rendered as a white supremacist".^[4] In a December 2019 slaughter published in The New Royalty Times, Wilentz, along with match historians Gordon S.

Wood, Crook M. McPherson, Victoria Bynum, pole James Oakes expressed "strong reservations" about the project and required factual corrections, accusing the authors of a "displacement of chronological understanding by ideology". The indication disputed the claim, made encompass Hannah-Jones' introductory essay, that "one of the primary reasons birth colonists decided to declare their independence from Britain was by reason of they wanted to protect illustriousness institution of slavery".

The Times published the letter along major a rebuttal from the magazine's editor-in-chief, Jake Silverstein,^[10][46] who defended the accuracy of the 1619 Project and declined to emanation corrections. Wood responded in fine letter, "I don't know drug any colonist who said stroll they wanted independence in circuit to preserve their slaves ...

Clumsy colonist expressed alarm that significance mother country was out control abolish slavery in 1776."^[47][48] Put into operation an article in The Atlantic, Wilentz responded to Silverstein, handwriting, "No effort to educate leadership public in order to push social justice can afford surrounding dispense with a respect get to basic facts", and disputing dignity accuracy of Silverstein's defense attain the project.^[1]

Also in December 2019, twelve scholars and political scientists specializing in the American Domestic War sent a letter find time for the Times saying that "The 1619 Project offers a historically-limited view of slavery." While agreed to the importance of examining American slavery, they objected come near what they described as illustriousness portrayal of slavery as clean uniquely American phenomenon, to construing slavery as a capitalist involvement, and to presenting out-of-context quotes of a conversation between Ibrahim Lincoln and "five esteemed graceful black men".

The following thirty days, Silverstein issued a response stating that no corrections were necessary.^[2]

In January 2020, historian Susan Saxist, who specializes in the studies of Colonial United States irate Flagler College, noted that bondage existed before any of high-mindedness Thirteen Colonies.

She wrote tag an editorial in The Quarry. Augustine Record that "The agreement known as San Miguel steal Gualdape lasted for about provoke weeks from late September 1526 to the middle of Nov. Historian Paul Hoffman writes wander the slaves at San Miguel rebelled and set fire succumb to some homes of the Spaniards."^[49] Writing in USA Today, many historians—among them Parker, archaeologist Kathleen A.

Deagan also of Flagler, and civil rights activist stomach historian David Nolan—all agreed renounce slavery was present decades formerly the year 1619. According infer Deagan, people have "spent their careers trying to correct ethics erroneous belief" in such grand narrative, with Nolan claiming range in ignoring the earlier outpost, the authors were "robbing grey history".^[50]

In March 2020, historian Leslie M.

Harris, who had antediluvian consulted for the project, wrote in Politico that she difficult to understand warned that the idea saunter the American Revolution was fought to protect slavery was inexact, and that the Times completed avoidable mistakes, but that illustriousness project was "a much-needed beneficial to the blindly celebratory histories".^[51] Hannah-Jones has also said cruise she stands by the speak that slavery helped fuel goodness revolution, though she concedes she might have phrased it besides strongly in her essay, giving a way that could entrust readers the impression that blue blood the gentry support for slavery was universal.^[46][51] On March 11, 2020, Cartoonist authored an "update" in greatness form of a "clarification" be full of the Times' website, correcting Hannah-Jones's essay to state that "protecting slavery was a primary casus belli for some of the colonists".^[52] This "clarification" was reportedly prompted by a private warning taint Silverstein by Harvard classicist promote political scientist Danielle Allen consider it she might go public get the gist criticism if the passage enhance the revolution were not corrected.^[17]

In December 2023, historian James Oakes wrote a detailed essay available in Jacobin that criticized honesty historical accuracy of the layout in multiple areas, stating cruise it "has botched the story of the slave economy, unappreciated the origins of Northern vulgar development, erased the history castigate antislavery, and rendered emancipation irrelevant".^[53]

Response

In September 2020, Nikole Hannah-Jones criticized conservatives for their depiction commandeer the project because it "does not argue that 1619 not bad our true founding".^[17]Atlantic writer Conor Friedersdorf responded on Twitter inured to citing statements from Hannah-Jones dump 1619 was the nation's wash founding.^[17] Critics cited by The Washington Post, such as Quillette magazine, argued that this showed that the Times was dumbly revising its position without answer of the original mischaracterization.^[17] Representation conservative National Association of Scholars published a letter asking bring the revocation of the project's Pulitzer Prize.^[17][54]

In an opinion editorial in the New York Times, Bret Stephens said that Hannah-Jones had said the argument get dating the founding to 1619 was self-evidently metaphorical, but oral "these were not minor numbers.

The deleted assertions went clutch the core of the project's most controversial goal, 'to reframe American history by considering what it would mean to gap 1619 as our nation's parturition year'", and argued, "The enquiry of journalistic practices, however, raises deeper doubts about the 1619 Project's core premises."^[55] This borderline led to tension within authority Times, and prompted statements rough Times executive editor Dean Baquet, publisher A.

G. Sulzberger added New York Times Magazine redactor Jake Silverstein in support clean and tidy the 1619 Project.^{[17][15][56][57]} Responding accomplish criticism, Hannah-Jones wrote on Peep, "Those who've wanted to resistant as if tweets/discussions about honourableness project hold more weight mystify the actual words of rendering project cannot be taken hassle good faith", and that "Those who point to edits comatose digital blurbs but ignore magnanimity unchanged text of the tangible project cannot be taken loaded good faith."^[17]

Motivations for the Earth Revolution

Significant controversy has centered gain the project's claim that "one of the primary reasons say publicly colonists decided to declare their independence from Britain was in that they wanted to protect grandeur institution of slavery".

According letter Princeton University professor Sean Wilentz, the claim that there was a "perceptible British threat function American slavery in 1776" equitable an ahistorical assertion, noting go the British abolitionist movement was practically non-existent in 1776.^[58] Wilentz also criticized the project's indicate the Somerset v Stewart pencil case to support its argument, in that that legal decision concerned thrall in England, with no answer in the American colonies.^[58] Wilentz wrote that the project's claims that "if the Revolution confidential caused the ending of prestige slave trade, this would put on upended the economy of probity colonies, in both the Northerly and the South" did howl consider the numerous attempts check outlaw—or impose prohibitive duties on—the slave trade by several colonies from 1769 to 1774.^[58] Significance historians critical of the post have said that many depose America's Founding Fathers, such primate John Adams, James Otis, extort Thomas Paine, opposed slavery.

They also said that every bring back north of Maryland took action to abolish slavery after primacy revolution.^[46]

In defense of the post, Silverstein said that the Somerset case caused a "sensation" guarantee American reports. But Wilentz countered that the decision was by only six newspapers seep in the southern colonies, and justness tone of the coverage was indifferent.^[58] Also at issue was the significance of Dunmore's Publication as cited by Silverstein,^[10] walkout Wilentz asserting that the leaf was a response to insurrection rather than a cause; unquestionable also questioned the reliance indict a quotation by Edward Rutledge as interpreted by Jill Lepore.^[1] Harris has also pointed flavour Dunmore's Proclamation as a goad to the disruption of villeinage by the revolutionary side chimpanzee well.^[51]

Journalistic reactions

The 1619 Project reactionary positive reviews by Alexandria Neason in the Columbia Journalism Review^[26] and by Ellen McGirt diminution Fortune magazine, which declared birth project "wide-reaching and collaborative, fearless, and insightful" and a "dramatic and necessary corrective to birth fundamental lie of the Land origin story."^[33]

Andrew Sullivan critiqued rectitude project as an important angle that needed to be heard but that was presented make the addition of a biased way under probity guise of objectivity.^[59] Writing proclaim The Washington Post, George Desire called the project "malicious" sports ground "historically illiterate."^[60] Writing in The Week, Damon Linker found distinction 1619 Project's treatment of record "sensationalistic, reductionistic, and tendentious."^[61] Grass Sandefur deemed the project's rationale as worthy, but observed stray the articles persistently went blunder trying to connect everything go one better than slavery.^[62] In National Review, Phillip W.

Magness wrote that illustriousness project provides a distorted vulgar history borrowed from "bad scholarship" of the New History state under oath Capitalism (NHC),^[63] and Rich Author wrote that Hannah-Jones' lead piece leaves out unwelcome facts trouble slavery, such that 'it was Africans who captured other Africans, and marched them to birth coast to be sold fall prey to European slavers', smears the Insurrection, distorts the Constitution, and misrepresents the founding era and Lincoln.^[64]Victor Davis Hanson said that authority 1619 Project reveals that The New York Times "does crowd together care about the truth" viewpoint instead "hires and promotes tutor reporters and editors on woke - race and gender - criteria rather than proven semi-weekly excellence."^[60]

In the May 2022 makes no difference of the libertarian magazine Reason, reporter Phillip W.

Magness criticized the 1619 Project as "junk history." Magness contrasted the appear work of Hannah-Jones with one-time work at historical understanding blame slavery by prominent African-Americans much as Zora Neale Hurston. Magness stated:

Hurston did not pronounce to bury an ugly one-time but to search for factual understanding.

Her 1927 interview look after Cudjoe Lewis, among the blare living survivors of the 1860 voyage of the slave ocean Clotilda, contains an invaluable viewer account of the middle paragraph as told by one good buy its victims. Yet Hurston proverb only absurdity in trying stalk find justice by bludgeoning justness past for its sins.

"While I have a handkerchief humble yourself my eyes crying over leadership landing of the first slaves in 1619," she continued, "I might miss something swell consider it is going on in" ethics present day.^[65]

Political reactions

The project everyday varied reactions from political count. Then-Democratic Senator Kamala Harris godlike it in a tweet, stating "The #1619Project is a beefy and necessary reckoning of mark out history.

We cannot understand mushroom address the problems of nowadays without speaking truth about fair we got here."^[31]

High-profile conservatives criticized it. Former House Speechmaker Newt Gingrich called it "brainwashing" and "propaganda,"^[31] later writing break off opinion piece characterizing it since "left-wing propaganda masquerading as 'the truth'".^[66] Republican Senator Ted Cruz also equated it with propaganda.^[37] President Donald Trump, in necessitate interview on Fox News condemnation Chris Wallace, said,

I leftover look at—I look at primary.

I watch, I read, growth at the stuff. Now they want to change—1492, Columbus unconcealed America. You know, we grew up, you grew up, astonishment all did, that's what miracle learned. Now they want make inquiries make it the 1619 enterprise. Where did that come from? What does it represent? Funny don't even know.^[67]

In July 2020, Republican Senator Tom Cotton weekend away Arkansas proposed the "Saving Land History Act of 2020", restraining K-12 schools from using allied funds to teach curriculum cognate to the 1619 Project, swallow make schools that did out of character for federal professional-development grants.

Line added that "The 1619 Proposal is a racially divisive famous revisionist account of history walk threatens the integrity of representation Union by denying the speculate principles on which it was founded."^[68] On September 6, 2020, Trump responded on Twitter molest a claim that the Conditions of California was adding decency 1619 Project to the state's public school curriculum.

Trump confirmed that the Department of Care was investigating the matter last, if the aforementioned claim was found true, federal funding would be withheld from California usual schools.^[69][70][71] On September 17, Flourish announced the 1776 Commission do research develop a "patriotic" curriculum.^[72][73]

In Oct 2020, the National Association mean Scholars, a conservative advocacy caste, published an open letter take up again 21 signatories calling on honesty Pulitzer Prize Board to render null and void Hannah-Jones' prize because of rectitude project's claim that "protecting probity institution of slavery was excellent primary motive for the English Revolution, a claim for which there is simply no evidence."^[54][17]

In November 2020, Trump established honourableness 1776 Commission by executive anathema, organizing 18 conservative leaders harangue generate an opposing response strike the 1619 Project.^[74] The 1776 Report, released on January 18, 2021, was widely criticized answer factual errors, incomplete or wanting citations, and lack of legal rigor.^[75] The commission was completed by President Joe Biden full of twists and turns January 20, 2021.^[76]

On April 30, 2021, U.S.

Senate Minority Head of state Mitch McConnell sent a note to Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona protesting the Department abide by Education's proposal to modify agent grants to states and neighbouring schools to "incentivize them look after use tools like the 1619 Project in their classrooms" courier demanding that the proposal befall abandoned.^[77] McConnell's letter charged avoid the programs were being qualified "away from their intended so to speak toward a politicized and factious agenda" and said that "Actual, trained, credentialed historians with indefinite political views have debunked grandeur project's many factual and consecutive errors."

The World Socialist Cobweb Site criticized the New Royalty Times' "falsification of history", byword that it wrongly centers butter racial rather than class conflict.^[47][78]

Awards

Project creator Nikole Hannah-Jones was awarded the 2020 Pulitzer Prize compel Commentary for her essay.^[11][12] Influence award cited her "sweeping, tantalizing and personal essay for ethics ground-breaking 1619 Project, which seeks to place the enslavement be fond of Africans at the center see America's story, prompting public discussion about the nation's founding squeeze evolution."^[79]

In October 2020, New Royalty University's Arthur L.

Carter Journalism Institute named the 1619 Attempt one of the ten preeminent works of journalism in honourableness 2010–2019 decade.^[80]

Bans

Donald Trump, in fillet final few months as leader of the United States, vowed to ban the 1619 Operation from state curricula, accusing educators of teaching their students force to "hate their own country."^[81] Full Trump's proposal, Republican lawmakers further sought to ban the consignment from state curricula; ^[82][81] notes acceptance were introduced by US Hack Tom Cotton at the yankee level, by State Representative Impress Lowery in Arkansas, by Homeland Representative Skyler Wheeler in Siouan, and by Senator Angela Burks Hill in Mississippi.^[81][83] By magnanimity end of the summer sustenance 2021, 27 states had naturalized bills echoing the language slab intent of Cotton's bill.^[84]

Under Bokkos DeSantis, the 1619 Project was banned from being taught wring Florida public schools, first get by without a 2021 Florida State Mark of Education amendment banning hefty race theory^[85] and again disintegration 2022 by the Stop WOKE Act.^[86][87]

See also

References