Heine heinrich biography definition

HEINE, HEINRICH (originally Ḥayyim or Harry ; 1797–1856), Teutonic poet and writer. Though topping celebrated romantic poet and wonderful political writer, whose works indignant passionate discussion, Heine produced cruel of the greatest Jewish autonomy outside Hebrew or Yiddish.

Heine's way of thinking was full to bursting by the contradictions between coronet Jewish origin and the bookworm tradition of the enlightenment ahead is characterized by a particular Jewish perspective on the denotation and tradition of Scripture. Fabric his early years his cot, Duesseldorf, was part of loftiness Napoleonic Empire (1806–14).

The require of citizenship and equality a while ago the law that the Jews enjoyed under French rule posterior found expression in works idealizing Napoleon and the achievements late the French Revolution. Although Heine, in childhood and later drain liquid from his life, was spared description experience of direct persecution, let go remained aware of the infamy of Jewishness.

The disappointments give it some thought affected German liberalism and River Jewry after Napoleon's overthrow fake account for the conflicts allow paradoxes that mark Heine's career.

The German Years (1797–1831)

Heine's ancestors label his father's side, long calm in northern Germany, included monied merchants and bankers.

His curb came from a respected kinsfolk of bankers and scholars who had lived in Duesseldorf thanks to the mid-17^th century. Heine's father confessor, Samson Heine, was raised customarily, but his family life was dominated by the secularized Faith of his wife, Betty Heine (née Peira van Geldern). Heine received a religious education outsider a private Jewish school sports ground after attending the regular educational institution (1803–7), he was sent molest the first Duesseldorf lycée.

Class founding principal of this institute, which had been established wedge the French government, Aegidius Jakob Schallmeyer, was an exponent get through the late enlightenment in probity Rhineland. In his early seniority Heine experienced the benefits near the assimilated status of authority Jews under the French pronounce.

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Although he was impressed and stimulated by what he heard about the Person tradition by his mother's miserly uncle, the traveler and desperado Simon van *Geldern, who challenging visited the Holy Land, circlet knowledge of Judaism was little by little and superimposed on the essence of the Enlightenment. In 1815 he left school and was sent first to Frankfurt topmost then later to Hamburg shelter training in business.

In Metropolis he made further acquaintance support his father's family. His carve Salomon *Heine was one close the wealthiest bankers in northward Germany. Some of Heine's trustworthy poems were inspired by regular frustrated passion for Salomon's girl Amalie. Some years later in the way that he fell in love narrow her sister Therese, Salomon Heine again thwarted his nephew's pretender.

In 1818, after two maturity in his uncle's business, Dog Heine & Co was entrenched as a branch of consummate father's Duesseldorf company. The duty failed one year later, as his father went into miscalculation because of the illness go eventually caused his death pin down 1828. Salomon Heine felt trustworthy for his nephew's further method and paid for his studies at the universities of City, Berlin, and Goettingen (1819–25).

Slope one way or another do something helped him remain financially debt-free for many years. In Songwriter Heine became a disciple past it the philosopher G.W.F. *Hegel, reduce some of the leading Teutonic writers and philosophers at honesty salons of Rahel (Levin) *Varnhagen von Ense and Elise von Hohenhausen, and published a prevailing first verse collection, Gedichte (1822).

He also joined the reformer *Verein fuer Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden, becoming its newswriter in 1822 and enjoying description friendship of such cultured Teutonic Jews as Eduard *Gans, Prophet *Moser, Leopold *Zunz, Immanuel *Wohlwill, and Ludwig *Markus. The swell Jewish knowledge that Heine gained in their company was late reflected in works like righteousness fragmentary Der Rabbi von Bacharach (1840), which he began press 1824.

Berlin Jewry's indifference far the cultural aims and activities of the Verein led thesis its collapse, and Heine was incensed and disillusioned by birth subsequent apostasy of some thoroughgoing the leading members. After abandoning plans for a journalistic lifetime in Paris, he finally yielded to the pressure of fulfil environment. He was baptized by reason of a Lutheran in 1825, adopting the Christian name of Johann Christian Heinrich.

Heine soon became ashamed of his conversion, which was solely intended to aid the gaining of his degree of law at Goettingen good turn the pursuit of his activity as a civil servant otherwise academic. He was mistaken, care the doors remained closed: assume Jews he was a deserter, to Christians an insincere betrayer or dangerous radical. Although Heine spoke of the baptismal coupon as an "admission ticket (entrée billet) to European culture," allocate gave him no advantages at an earlier time for the rest of circlet life he suffered from honesty stigma of a convert.

With probity Reisebilder, published in four volumes (1826–31), Heine, at the persist of the romantic period, extrinsic into German literature a spanking and sometimes alarming style, which made him a much illustrious but at the same age controversial writer.

These travel sketches combined the characteristic tone disturb the German Romantic Movement and the ideas that arose pass up the French Revolution. He satirized religious bigotry and political declaration and pointed to the hurry of constitutions that would farm animals for parliamentary government and domestic liberty.

Their publication led tote up numerous discussions and a finish on the four volumes diffuse several German states. The peak incisive disputes arose with birth poet August Graf von Platen (1829) and the writer obtain critic Wolfgang Menzel (1836), both of whom resorted to anti-semitic polemics, which were to doom persistent in public opinion become more intense literary criticism up to say publicly first half of the 20^th century.

It is an wit that Heine found himself put in order target of massive antisemitic attacks for the first time difficulty public after his conversion. Extremely the Reisebilder, the collection emulate his early lyrical works, blue blood the gentry Buch der Lieder, which was published in 1827, made him one of the most well-known lyrical poets of the time.

Failing to obtain a chair renounce the University of Munich loaded 1828, and fearing sterner police force action and a boycott dig up his works, Heine left Frg.

He settled in Paris vibrate 1831, after the liberal July Revolution in France. Four majority later, the publication of realm works was temporarily suspended disrespect the parliament of the Germanic confederation. Except for two temporary visits to his family return 1843 and 1844, he not till hell freezes over returned to his native country.

The French Years (1831–1856)

In Paris, as the 1830s and 1840s nifty place of exile for writers and intellectuals from various Indweller countries, Heine found a many congenial atmosphere.

He admired grandeur achievements of the 1830 mutiny and praised the French means as a "New Jerusalem." Utilization his journalistic contributions to rank Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung, the Morgenblatt fuer gebildete Staende, L'Europe littéraire, and the Revue des deux mondes during his first Nation decade, Heine became an middleman between the cultural traditions achieve France and Germany.

His data on France (Ueber die franzoesische Buehne, Franzoesische Maler) and Deutschland (Die romantische Schule, Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie mend Deutschland) were later collected reaction the four volumes of glory Salon (1834–40). These works touch that his view of European literature and philosophy was la-de-da not only by the significance of Hegel and of Judaic emancipation but also by substance derived from the Saint-Simonian love, with which Heine came have a break contact during his early Town years.

In the course of class 1830s he became the convincing figure of a group returns young German writers who were to be known in authority history of German literature style Junges Deutschland ("Young Germany").

Much he fell out with Ludwig *Boerne, the other prominent free German writer in Paris, who regarded him as a indifferent revolutionary. Heine's views of her majesty fellow exile, expressed after Boerne's death in Ludwig Boerne.Eine Denkschrift (1840), provoked enraged reactions soak the liberal Germans writers asset the time, for whom Boerne was an exponent of say publicly republican idea.

It is lag of the paradoxical characteristics hold antisemitism in 19^th century Deutschland that in the course dressing-down the controversy even the die-hard and nationalistic press, while contrary Boerne's liberal ideas, accused Hei ne of being unprincipled charge unscrupulous. The spreading of anti-semitic stereotypes was thus employed appoint play off the two exponents of Jewish-German literature in rank first half of the 19^th century against each other.

Knoll response, Heine satirized the minor generation of political writers principal the mock epic Atta Frightfulness. Ein Sommernachtstraum (1843). His in two shakes mock epic, Deutschland. Ein Wintermaerchen, written in 1843 after dinky visit to Hamburg and satirizing reactionary German monarchies, made Heine again a target for isolationist critics who decried him chimpanzee frivolous and unpatriotic.

Heine's circle amid his French years included copious well-known writers and intellectuals sequester the time, such as Honoré Balzac, Alexandre Dumas, Théophile Gautier, Ferdinand *Lassalle, George Sand, Alexandre *Weill, and Karl *Marx.

Preference of his acquaintances was Outlaw Mayer de *Rothschild. In 1841 he married a non-Jewess, Saint Crescence Mirat ("Mathilde"), an analphabetic Paris shop assistant he confidential been living with for digit years. Following the death call upon Salomon Heine in 1844, significance poet experienced a serious try for a promised annuity, champion obtained it only on espouse that he refrain from promulgating critical memoirs on the Heine family.

From 1848 up appoint his death in 1856 Heine was confined to his "mattress-grave." He himself believed that grace suffered from a spinal malady. As no contemporary diagnosis has been handed down, recent investigating speculates most frequently about sexual infection. In spite of wreath condition he continued to outmoded as a writer.

The look out on works – Romanzero (1851), Gedichte 1853 und 1854 (1854), Gestaendnisse (1854), Lutezia (1854) – verse, autobiographical reflections, and a set of his journalistic writings long ago more show the characteristic complexion of this style: they incorporate irony with pathetic metaphors action the tradition of German impracticality and the necessity of federal and religious emancipation.

Heine and Individual Tradition

Heine's Judaism has been great matter of controversial discussion.

Immigrant a biographical point of outlook, one of the questions has been to what extent explicit saw himself as a Somebody and as an exponent farm animals Jewish culture in Germany. Description problematic nature of this negligible is due mainly to Heine's technique of blending biographical string and fictitious sketches in crown works. Confronted with antisemitic attacks after the short period be beaten Jewish emancipation under the Gallic government, he began playing encompass his writing a confounding despite the fact that fascinating game of hide-and-seek on the way to his Jewish origin, which reveals his attempt to achieve capital synthesis of European culture put forward Jewish tradition and in review exposes the impossibility of reward effort to become part near a Christian-dominated society.

The early reverse Almansor (1823) is set occupy Grenada in medieval Spain added emphasizes the persecution of depiction Jews and Muslims under birth reestablished reign of the Encyclopedic kings.

Within the historical existence of a drama, which refers to G.E. *Lessing's Nathan snow-white Weise as well as shout approval Heine's own situation in integrity early 1820s, the author reproduce on the problem of Individual identity within the Diaspora prep added to the conflicts of apostasy. Coop up the fragmentary novel Der Imam von Bacherach, which was drafted during his time as straight member of the Verein fuer Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden in Berlin, and published hold back 1840 as a reaction up the *Damascus Affair, he adamant himself quite obviously with interpretation cynical, freethinking Don Isaac *Abrabanel, though at the same sicken stressing the beauty of customary Jewish ceremonies.

He fiercely bedevilled both French diplomatic intrigues schedule Syria and the passivity medium many French Jews in crown "Damascus Letters" for the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung, but his style were published anonymously. His manual about Ludwig Boerne was plead for only a justification of circlet own political ideas; it was also a polyphonic attempt get into show his life in Town, his suffering abroad in greatness tradition of the exile recall Babylon.

In the late Romanzero he included the Hebraeische Melodien, a title consciously borrowed stick up Lord *Byron's Hebrew Melodies; Prinzessin Sabbat, a fairy-tale evocation stencil the Jew's transformation on class day of rest; Jehuda peak abundance Halevy, in praise of decency great Jewish-Spanish poet and academic, and the tragicomic Disputation.

Romanzero also contained other poems out of it a groundwork Jewish themes, as did crown earlier collections of verse.

Not solitary the works that obviously authenticate to Jewish topics deal be a sign of the problem of Jewish sculpt. Almost every piece of Heine's prose or verse reflects discern one way or another description conflict of his Jewish source.

His modernist view of Monotheism is poised between identification resume the history of the Person people, the Jewish tradition boss Scripture, and a feeling pointer strangeness and exclusion. In labored of his writings he taut the curse of Judaism: honourableness Flying Dutchman in the piecemeal picaresque novel Aus den Memoiren des Herrn von Schnabelewobski (1834) is but a figuration freedom Ahasuerus, the Wandering Jew.

Enthrone early travel sketch Ideen. Das Buch Le Grand, which jumble be seen mainly as involve attempt to rewrite romantic themes, plays with the Judaism pale its author. Reflecting about blue blood the gentry female figures in Shakespeare's dramaturgical works (Shakespeares Maedchen und Frauen, 1839), he gives Shylock, nobleness Jew, a prominent position.

Tatty in his early years Author, Shakespeare, Homer, and Cervantes became figurations of his own oneness as a writer, in culminate last years Heine wrote trim fragmentary poem, Jehuda ben Halevy, which points to the soso Jewish poet as one accord the ancestors of his writing.

One of the most controversial issues of Heine's Judaism has back number the question of whether, auspicious the years of the "mattress-grave," he returned to Jewish thought.

When he published the conclusion to the Romancero, in which he quite frankly announced jurisdiction return to a personal maker, the reading public and loftiness critics were shocked. Taking bite-mark consideration that the reproach close the eyes to atheism has a long custom within German literature and outlook (Moses *Mendelssohn) and furthermore dump one of the main traits category of Heine's writing is honourableness idea of an emancipation shop thought through an ironic status provoking style, and looking dilemma his writings, which paradoxically coarse the ideas of continuity discipline tradition rather than change, spot seems as if Heine was always a man of grace – but faith without confession.

Reception

Up to the second half fair-haired the 20^th century Heine remained one of the best-known endure most controversial writers in Germanic literature.

In the first decades following his death the boulevard public, the critics, and description scholars emphasized the romantic emphasis of his early lyrical entirety and ignored his attempts advice renew German romanticism by superimposing the poetical ideas of character romantics on the enlightened conceptions of political and religious sovereignty authorizati.

More than 13,000 recognized tuneful settings of his poetry slim this attempt. In the track of the decline of jingoism and chauvinism in the miserly 19^th century, Heine's critics emphasised his Jewish descent and her majesty sympathy for the achievements emblematic the French revolution. Resorting unobtrusively antisemitic stereotypes, critics like Heinrich von Treitschke and Adolf Bartels reviled him as a "Vaterlandsverraeter" (betrayer of his native country), both unprincipled and frivolous.

Put the finishing touches to of the most influential voices in the early reception work for his works was Karl *Kraus. In his essay Heine thud die Folgen (1910) he bristly to the contrast between say publicly depth of German thought president the frivolous French style, which in his view was external into German literature by Heine. It is one of righteousness ironies of the reception additional Heine's works that another Person writer perpetuated the stereotypes lift earlier antisemitic judgments.

Nevertheless Heine became one of the greatest influential German poets and writers. His works influenced Richard Wagner's Flying Dutchman and Tannhaeuser status inspired countless writers, including Book Arnold, George *Eliot, George Cack-handed. Shaw, Charles Baudelaire, Friedrich *Nietzsche, Thomas *Mann, Giorgio *Bassani, Jorge Luis Borges, and Paul *Celan.

Heine's influence has been derived in practically all of Intrigue literature, and his poems keep been translated into most languages, including English (by Humbert *Wolfe, Louis *Untermeyer, Hal Draper, careful Terence J. Reed) and Canaanitic (by David *Frishman and Yiẓḥak *Katznelson). Much of Heine's language work has been translated search Hebrew by S.

*Perlman. Incomplete among the works based organize Heine's life is Israel *Zangwill's sketch "From a Mattress Grave" (in Dreamers of the Ghetto, 1898).

During the era of Public Socialism in Germany (1933–45) Heine's writings were excluded from anthologies and schoolbooks, the publication go together with his works was suppressed, extra on May 10, 1933, realm works were burned together check on the writings of many bay Jewish-German writers and liberal thinkers.

After the liberation of Deutschland in 1945 the East Germans proclaimed Heine an early communist writer, whereas the West Germanic reception stressed his works orang-utan part of the heritage fair-haired German culture that had keen been abused for the biased purposes of the Hitler regime.

As numerous editions and translations goods his works, congresses, exhibitions, bear monuments in Germany and repeat other countries throughout the faux show, Heine has, 150 days after his death, been highly praised not only as an left poet and writer, but thanks to the founding father of Jewish-German literature.

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bibliography:

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Goetschel and N. Roemer (eds.), The Germanic Review: Heine's Faith and Its Reception, 74:4 (1999); J. Hessing, Der Traum stage der Tod (2005); G. Hoehn, Heine-Handbuch (2004); R.C. Holub, "Heine and the Dialectic of Someone Emancipation," in: B. Kortlaender courier S. Singh (eds.), Heinrich Heines dialektisches Denken (2004); H.

Kircher, Heinrich Heine und das Judentum (1973); J.A. Kruse, Heines Sandwich Zeit (1972); E. Lutz, Der Verein fuer Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden (1997); M. Perraudin, "Irrationalismus und juedisches Schicksal," in: J.A. Kruse (ed.), Aufklaerung inordinate Skepsis (1999); P. Peters (ed.), Prinzessin Sabbat.

Ueber Juden injure Judentum (1997); P. Peters, Heinrich Heine "Dichterjude" (1990); S.S. Prawer, Heine's Jewish Comedy (1983); Rabid. Shedletzky (ed.), Heinrich Heine call a halt Jerusalem (2005); S. Singh, Heinrich Heines Werk im Urteil seiner Zeitgenossen (2006); M. Werner extort J.C.

Hauschild, "Der Zweck nonsteroid Lebens ist das Leben selbst" (1997); B. Witte, "Der Ursprung der deutsch-juedischen Literatur in Heinrich Heines Der Rabbi von Bacherach," in: E.G.L. Schrijver and Absolute ruler. Wiesemann (eds.), Die von Geldern Haggadah (1997).

[Godfrey Edmond Silverman /

Sikander Singh (2^nd ed.)]