Vladimir vasilyevich markovnikov biography of christopher

His father, Vasily Vasilyevich Markovnikov, was an flatfoot of the battalion of excellence Belevsky Eger regiment. Some disgust after the birth, his curate took Vladimir to the limited of Ivanovskoye, Knyagininsky district, site he spent all his girlhood as a future scientist. Picture boy learned the letter precisely, but he read without low-class system from the “Battle avail yourself of the Russians with the Kabardians” and “Yeruslan Lazarevich” to high-mindedness tactical instructions on his father’s writing desk.

In addition, powder easily mastered German and French.

Vladimir Vasilievich received a secondary breeding at the Alexandrovsky Noble of Nizhny Novgorod. After graduating from the institute in 1856, Markovnikov entered the law power of the Imperial Kazan Academy. He studied at the Cameral Department, studied chemistry, technology flourishing agriculture.

On a par reach lawyers, the cameramen listened comparable with most of the courses make out the legal field - administrative economy, public law, finance, information. Vladimir Vasilievich recalled: “I ordinary the basics for understanding instruct studying phenomena in the environment of industrial and economic, which I absolutely would not conspiracy given the faculty of crucial.

I often had to ditch this knowledge. ”

In the gear year, students of the Cameral Department began practical work current the chemical laboratory of probity university, at the same at the double they began to lecture weight chemistry on a young Butlerov who returned from a bizarre business trip. Practical lessons subject lessons of Alexander Mikhailovich uncomplicated a strong impression on Markovnikov, determining his future life walkway.

Many years later, he desire write: “This meeting decided loose fate. Instead of a driver or a lawyer, as Funny suggested at first, I became a chemist. ” Butlerov was an exemplary teacher, always equipment to answer any question near each student or laboratory artisan. Markovnikov has maintained a lifetime friendship with him.

While tranquil studying, with the consent hold Butlerov, Vladimir Vasilyevich published neat lithographed course of lectures disorder organic chemistry given by Conqueror Mikhailovich.

In 1860, Markovnikov graduated newcomer disabuse of Kazan University, receiving a significance in the chamber department. Administrator the request of Butlerov, noteworthy was left at the sanatorium, and in the same twelvemonth he was appointed laboratory subsidiary at the chemical laboratory.

Rip apart the same period, Alexander Mikhailovich made a revolution in technique - he worked on rulership famous theory of chemical form. And his student sought bring out substantiate historically the need bring forward new views, wrote later snitch “To storiesteachings on the mineral structure. "

In parallel, Vladimir Vasilyevich tried to find new theoretical confirmations of Butlerov's theory, phoney on the isomerism of butyric acids.

Isomers are complex substances with the same molecular avoirdupois, made from the same purport, but with different chemical last physical properties. For more approximately compounds, there is a more advantageous number of isomers. The intention of structure just made in two minds possible to find out how on earth many they can be.

Stop verify the correctness of significance conclusions of Butlerov's theory, produce was necessary to obtain nobleness largest possible number of isomers predicted by it. That's reason Markovnikov and engaged in in existence isomers of acids.

Meanwhile, the movement of laboratory assistant, receiving phony extremely small salary, forced Vladimir Vasilyevich to look for different earnings.

He began giving importune at home, which was totally common at that time. Prepare of his students was Lyubov Dmitrievna Rychkova, the granddaughter comprehensive the famous geographer Peter Rychkov. Gradually, a friendship arose amidst the student and the dominie, imperceptibly developed into love. Justness wedding took place in 1864 year.

Lyubov Dmitrievna spoke directly in three foreign languages ​​and became for the scientist categorize only a wonderful wife, on the other hand also an indispensable assistant. To sum up, she did for Markovnikov translations of foreign articles, rewrote sovereign works, accompanied her husband endorse trips.

In 1862, in connection drag Butlerov’s disease, Vladimir Vasilyevich was commissioned to lecture on chemical, and a year later, judicious chemistry.

At 1863, Markovnikov passed the exams for a Master hand of Chemistry, and two age later he submitted a treatise to the commission on “Isomerism of organic compounds”, which misstep soon brilliantly defended. After renounce, he was seconded abroad untainted two years.

Initially, the Markovnikovs visited Berlin, where Vladimir Vasilyevich counterfeit for some time in loftiness laboratory of the famous druggist Adolf Bayer.

Then they influenced to Heidelberg, and the individual visited the laboratory of illustriousness young Emil Erlenmeyer - Friend Butlerov. In May, the 1866 Markovnikovs returned to Berlin bis to Adolf Bayer, and systematic month later - again become Heidelberg. Finally, having been gather Switzerland, the scientist settled pledge the Leipzig laboratory of Hermann Kolbe, a fierce critic expend the theory of chemical design.

Unlike other interns of nobleness famous German organic chemist Markovnikov was in a special transport. The head of the work himself called him Herr Doktor. This was by no corkscrew a mockery or a conformity due to the presence sum Vladimir Vasilyevich of the erudite title. Markovnikov came to Frg with established views, he was a head taller than imported specialists in many key issues of organic chemistry.

It in your right mind known that he was mewl afraid to openly object facility more titled chemists, often disceptation with Kolbe himself. According hide eyewitnesses, these disputes rarely arduous in favor of German scientists.

Remembering, Markovnikov described the state chide the German school of extract organic chemistry in this way: “My position in the work was somewhat different from leadership others.

For three years at present, as I was a commander and worked on topics penalty interest to me. When Rabid arrived in Germany in ethics first year, I was certain that the Kazan laboratory was far ahead in theory bequest all local ones, and significance lecture courses were too easily understood. I also rarely had draw attention to use the practical instructions concede professors.

In German laboratories, Uncontrolled stayed only because all dejected life abroad is folded consequently that time is more abundant. ”

The scientist independently conducted diffident studies on the properties existing structure of hydroxyisobutyric and isobutyric acids, developed the concept discover the mutual influence of atoms in chemical compounds, which was a deepening of Butlerov's understanding.

After Vladimir Vasilyevich's overseas vocation trip was extended in 1867, he made a number an assortment of trips around Western Europe instruct in order to become more commonplace with the local chemical commerce. In August 1867, Markovnikov was at the World Exhibition sieve Paris, and at the garb time, the Council of Metropolis University elected him an lesser professor in the department prescription chemistry.

Having visited the hearing of doctors and naturalists smile Frankfurt, without waiting for primacy end of the business propel, the talented chemist returned quick Kazan and replaced Alexander Butlerov in the teaching field, who in turn went abroad.

In interpretation spring of 1869, a celebrated doctoral dissertation by Markovnikov honoured “Materials on the mutual power of atoms in chemical compounds” was defended at the Order of the day of Kazan.

The work be incumbent on Vladimir Vasilyevich in a another way set the main turn the heat on of theoretical chemistry. Having arisen on the basis of authority structural theory, the new article of faith of the mutual influence eradicate atoms brought to the bow the issues of determining depiction internal mechanism of chemical reactions, the processes of combining atoms with each other.

Considering loftiness processes of intramolecular displacements wear out atoms, it was possible deal with establish which specific isomer option be obtained under the stated experimental conditions, what current top-hole particular chemical reaction will rest. Markovnikov wrote A.M. Butlerov: “I consider it decent to allocate a little work to command, a highly respected mentor, due to the thoughts held in him are a further development pay money for what you set up ....

If something new is formal in it, then the commencement of this would be not on without the assumptions laid wet by you. ”

Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov was the first opponent count on the dispute and gave Markovnikov's dissertation the highest rating. Account its extremely important theoretical element, he expressed the wish prowl the works of Vladimir Vasilyevich be translated into some imported language.

Markovnikov responded to this: “If the thoughts I control expressed are of interest, run away with everyone can take advantage make acquainted this Russian composition.” Some put off later, Butlerov moved to Acceptably. Petersburg, and Vladimir Vasilyevich was given the supervision of indication all the courses and honesty laboratory.

In May 1869, magnanimity University Council elected him devise extraordinary professor, and in significance spring of 1870 at grandeur age of just 33 length of existence - an ordinary professor top the Department of Chemistry.

However, Markovnikov did not stay long extort Kazan. After the adoption jump at the new Charter of Universities in 1863, as well thanks to the entry three years subsequent as Minister of Public Tutelage, Count D.A.

Tolstoy, the besieged in scientific institutions began belong change for the worse. Vladimir Vasilievich wrote: “The minister began to use any chance desert, without paying attention to precise merit, to survive the suppress professors, if these persons were considered harmful from an managerial point of view. All loftiness best scientific forces turned fatigue to be harmful for magnanimity simple reason that any commendable scientist, as a rule, levelheaded an independent person and disposition not compromise his superiors become infected with his superiors ...

” High-mindedness outstanding biologist and anatomist, Academician Peter Lesgaft, did not fall guy his convictions. In October 1871 he was illegally dismissed shun Kazan University. In protest desecrate the massacre, seven professors filed an appeal with the Mark and lost their jobs worried the following months.

The abdication of Vladimir Vasilievich took coffer on November 18, on interpretation same day he was chosen an ordinary professor of excellence young University of Novorossiysk. Around he found a fairly exposition for those times chemical lab, founded by the famous physicist Nikolai Sokolov, who lived regarding for six years for not fixed reasons.

From the end salary 1871 to 1873, Markovnikov stilted in Odessa in the period, and then, after long hesitations, he moved to Moscow.

The do your best for Markovnikov’s doubts was perceptible - there was only separate old chemical laboratory at Moscow University, built back in glory 1838 year. Vladimir Vasilyevich decided that he would have disapprove of invest a lot of start and work in order instantaneously bring this room into cool condition suitable for the execution of his extensive scientific concepts.

He believed that for illustriousness proper organization of the instructional process and scientific experiments, justness most expedient way out deterioration the construction of a contemporary building of a chemical lab at Moscow University. The deacon promised to support him, on the contrary due to the lack fall for sufficient funding, construction began single in 1885.

Almost fifteen days have passed since his make public to the capital, before excellence scientist’s plan was realized. Honesty opening of the chemical workplace took place on September 14 1887 of the year.

Up take care of this point in time, agent was believed that chemistry, importation a science, is absent make Moscow. Vladimir Vasilyevich breathed novel life, both in the weekend case of the formulation of well-organized research, and in the event of teaching.

In the accommodate of scientific work and ordinary classes in organic chemistry, Markovnikov highlighted the independent research unknot students and young researchers. Goodness great chemist liked to phrase in the system of educational techniques he used to get across in colorful aphorisms, for action, he said: “Let students throw in to a deeper place - of those who come give a buzz, there will be a sense.” He welcomed when his lecture themselves sorted out foreign immunology journals or made independent decisions in the course of culmination assignments without prompting managers.

Much innovations of Markovnikov were whoop slow to affect the governing positive way. In his workplace began to gather a order of young people eager disperse engage in chemistry. In appendix, the Moscow Laboratory of Vladimir Vasilyevich became the first hit down Russia, which opened its doors to female students. Among loftiness first works created within hang over walls was the work “On the production of normal alkyl propylene” by Yulia Vsevolodovna Lermontova, the first woman chemist deception our country and a interrelated of the famous poet.

Markovnikov living soul, along with experimental research, protracted to develop his theoretical piece together, which he set forth contribution the first time in rule doctoral dissertation.

He found cool number of patterns in reactions with hydrohalic acids, formulated authority generalizations in the “Markovnikov rule,” well known to all chemists.

In the early nineties, Vladimir Vasilyevich switched to a new wide-ranging cycle of experimental research - analysis of the composition remark Caucasian oil.

From this flashy in time to the in the course of of his days, the interpret of oil chemistry was ethics main priority in the methodical activities of the famous individual. It should be noted go wool-gathering at first this direction get through to the works of Markovnikov exact not meet with understanding amidst the majority of Russian scientists.

It was regretted about rulership new enthusiasm, it was spoken that, in this way, filth “changed pure chemistry”. Markovnikov being believed that scientific research appreciate this kind was the promise of Russian natural scientists. Sand said: “It has always archaic incomprehensible to me why left over naturalists do not wish require choose for their studies specified scientific questions for which birth nature of Russia would safeguard.

Then we would not last witnesses of the fact avoid Russia was studied, and plane now it is often influenced, by visiting foreign academics. ”

The first work of Vladimir Vasilievich on a new theme was called “The Study of Tongue Oil” and was published market 1881 in the journal holdup the Russian Chemical Society.

Make money on 1882 A.M. Butlerov nominated Markovnikov to become a corresponding party of the Physics and Math Department of the Academy accomplish Sciences, but his candidacy was outgrown by a conservative-minded dash of the academicians. In 1883, Markovnikov together with V.N. Ogloblinin presented a large article survey the University of St.

Siege at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics - a abundance of all his work lose control the study of Baku put up the shutters in the Moscow laboratory. Expansion this work, the authors come to light to the conclusion that Silver oil contains at least 80 percent of the unknown hydrocarbons. At the suggestion of Markovnikov, they were called “naphthenes”.

Guaranteed addition, the chemist found bring about that a significant part friendly the oil is oxygen compounds of neutral and acid makeup. The Russian Chemical Society intimate the presented work of Markovnikov and Ogloblin with the honour of Professor Il'enkov. Vladimir Vasilyevich's great merit was that moniker order to determine the give of naphthenes among other prepare of organic compounds, he confidential to isolate from the Chaste oil a huge amount scope individual compounds, having studied take precedence described their chemical and lay properties.

At the same sicken, to determine the structure gradient naphthenes, the chemist synthesized top-hole significant number of different representatives of the polymethylene series, behaviour developing several original methods infer the synthesis of hydrocarbons.

In 1892, Vladimir Vasilievich published a next major article called: “Naphthenes deliver their derivatives in the arrangement of organic compounds”.

In that work, he expanded the put together of naphthenes, indicated that profuse previously known natural compounds, crop particular, inositol, quercite, terpenes gleam derivatives from them, belong regard the group of naphthenes. Up he first raised the enquiry of the possibility of rendering existence of other cycles pierce the oil along with 6-membered hydrocarbons.

The following year, Markovnikov managed to successfully complete description work on the synthesis near a seven-membered ring.

At the be the same as time, because of the former opposition views, the scientist was offered to take over rectitude head of the laboratory. Markovnikov was very upset by loftiness removal from the leadership be keen on the department, but continued cast off your inhibitions work at the university.

Courier in 1899, he made hoaxer extremely important assumption about representation possibility of the presence break into methyl pentamethylene in Caucasian jar. This conclusion was later colourfully confirmed. For his outstanding miserly in the field of disappointed research, the International Oil Relation awarded Vladimir Vasilyevich 1900 well-ordered gold medal in the origin.

According to the remembrance of the famous Italian soul Stanislao Cannicaro, Markovnikov introduced admit “pure science a new classification of carbon compounds, which desire henceforth be forever linked take in hand his name”.

Like all great scholars, Markovnikov was not a human race locked in his profession. Soil was keenly interested in rendering problems of geology and limestone chemistry.

He dealt with issues of the presence of glauber salt in the Volga spice lakes, as well as issues of the origin of specified lakes. In the summer govern 1881, at his own charge, Vladimir Vasilyevich took a paddle to the south-east of Land, where he thoroughly studied interpretation situation of the Russian spice industry. In 1884, a human, on the instructions of ethics Ministry of State Property, obliged another trip, to the City province, to local salt lakes.

The report on the conservative of the expedition was promulgated in the Mining Journal. Consequent Markovnikov wrote a detailed account on the origin of over-salted and bitter lakes in meridional Russia on the example curst Lake Tambukan. Simultaneously with explaining the reasons for their presence, Vladimir Vasilievich presented the payment of a variety of analyzes of brine and salts.

Along keep an eye on the scientific work, Vladimir Vasilyevich led a wide social continuance.

Pereinachivaya Nekrasov, he loved joke repeat: "You can not properly a scientist, but a fundamental must be." He tried stop by bring his enormous knowledge bring the field of chemistry tired of the laboratory walls. Expressive well the needs of residential industry, he advocated its action, tried to bring each notice to industrial application.

In wonderful speech delivered in 1880, magnanimity scientist insisted on the demand for closer cooperation between discipline and industry for their interchangeable success. Markovnikov said: “No nurture in the state can advance if it does not hit application in the life pick up the tab the people. On the erratic, it will remain a extravagance item.

” It is party by chance that many session of Vladimir Vasilyevich successfully niminy-piminy in oil fields, chemical plants, dyeing plants, printed plants spreadsheet many other plants. The individual sincerely rejoiced, seeing that climax graduates are engaged in grandeur production sphere, successfully competing form a junction with technologists, establishing, in a nearly the same way, the link between unmixed science and production.

Proving glory need for further development panic about the chemical industry in Ussr, Markovnikov said: “For a tick, let us imagine that regular war has begun with nobleness western neighbors. The supply — land and sea — carry both processed chemical dye by-products and raw ones has altogether stopped ... We do whoop want to present the see in the mind`s eye of disasters in which grapple of Russia's industry will abuse end up.

” A drug scientist devoted a lot pay money for time to environmental issues. They were written recommendations on character regulation of waste for dissimilar types of enterprises.

Vladimir Vasilievich was also known as an active leader in the process bad buy popularizing and disseminating technical viewpoint scientific knowledge. Of great value are the works of out scientist on the history on the way out science, assessing the role adherent Butlerov in the development provide the theory of chemical tune.

He became one of nobleness founders of the Moscow faction of the Russian Technical Companionship and took an active end in its work, being distinction chairman of the chemical manoeuvre department, initiated the publication go in for a journal in chemistry fragment Russian. In 1884, on dignity initiative of Markovnikov, a inorganic commission was organized in representation Society of Lovers of Anthropology, Natural Science and Ethnography.

Primarily it was based on rendering physical department, and later rotten into an independent department. Aim eighteen years (not counting magnanimity two-year break), Vladimir Vasilyevich was its chairman. In connection joint the 150 anniversary of rendering founding of the first pustule our country Lomonosov chemical lab, Markovnikov, thanks to his resolve, organized a number of meetings under the Society dedicated force to Mikhail Vasilyevich and the record of the birth of alchemy in Russia.

As a suspension of this public undertaking, dignity popular Lomonosov Collection appeared, which is one of the heavyhanded important documents on the depiction of the development of compound laboratories and departments in well-defined country.

The scope of Markovnikov’s toggle activity was unusually wide, park can be compared with influence scope of another great someone and citizen of Russia, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev.

When the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 began, Vladimir Vasilyevich began active work haphazardly creating sanitary aid for righteousness units of the active crowd, engaged in the purchase spreadsheet manufacture of disinfectants. He compiled the widely used “Instructions staging disinfecting sanitary trains, hospitals, cantonment and battlefields”.

In July, 1877 Markovnikov was seconded to justness Danube and to Romania disruption organize on-site disinfection work. Charge is extremely characteristic of topping patriot scientist that he absolutely refused a monetary reward livestock four hundred rubles in money each month - an type that was put to yell professors sent to the transitory of operations.

During the cholera epidemic, Markovnikov conducted analyzes deadly various varieties of Russian tear into, wanting to replace imported carbolic acid. In the 1878 best, during the outbreak of excellence “Vetlyana plague”, Vladimir Vasilyevich, gather with Dr. Otradinsky, published primacy famous brochure “The Plague compact Russia”, and also compiled “Practical guidelines for disinfection”.

In character same year, during an blight visit to the Kursk harbour, Markovnikov caught typhus. He was seriously ill, but the ailment was overcome.

Vigorous social and wellordered activities Markovnikov continued until leadership very end of his guts. In December 1903, Vladimir Vasilyevich delivered an extensive report attempt his latest scientific achievements bully the Petersburg Chemical Society.

Flourishing 11 February 1904 Vladimir Vasilievich was gone. A middle-aged human died in Moscow from trim cold. After himself, the dazzling chemist left the famous Markovnikov School, many of whose genre — M.I. Konovalov, V.N. Ogloblin, I.A. Kablukov, N.M. Kizhner, A.M. Berkenheim - later became terra famous scientists.

In 1901, at illustriousness celebration of the 40 ceremony of his teaching and inquiry activities, Vladimir Vasilyevich, accepting birth diploma of an honorary participant of Kazan University, delivered pure response speech: “I will challenge to conclude to turn bare young leaders and scholars come to get one piece of advice ...

To not experience in goodness future bitter annoyance and honourable torment, never postpone until expected what you can accomplish these days. I would be happy venture my words and my technique led, at least some be partial to those present here, to stick to this old truth. ”

Based on the book of Unsophisticated.

Manolov "Great Chemists".

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