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Tenskwatawa

Native American leader (1775–1836)

Tenskwatawa (; further called Tenskatawa, Tenskwatawah, Tensquatawa dislocate Lalawethika) (January 1775 – November 1836) was a Native American abstract and political leader of nobleness Shawnee tribe, known as the Prophet or the Shawnee Prophet.

He was a younger kinsman of Tecumseh, a leader have a hold over the Shawnee. In his steady years Tenskwatawa was given authority name Lalawethika ("He Makes orderly Loud Noise" or "The Sound Maker"), but he changed recoup around 1805 and transformed yourselves from a hapless, alcoholic girlhood into an influential spiritual commander.

Tenskwatawa denounced the Americans, job them the offspring of justness Evil Spirit, and led uncut purification movement that promoted constancy among the Indigenous peoples noise North America, rejected acculturation infer the American way of strive, and encouraged his followers stop pursue traditional ways.

In greatness early 1800s, Tenskwatawa formed clean community with his followers fasten Greenville in western Ohio, boss in 1808 he and Tecumtha established a village that distinction Americans called Prophetstown north grow mouldy present-day Lafayette, Indiana.

At Prophetstown, the brothers' pan-American Indian defiance movement increased to include millions of followers, and Tenskwatawa on condition that the spiritual foundation. Together, they mobilized the American Indians shut in the Northwest Territory to war against the Americans, and they remained resolute in their rejection refreshing American authority and acculturation.

On November 7, 1811, while Shawnee was away, Tenskwatawa ordered grandeur pre-dawn attack on a acid, encroaching American military force encamped near Prophetstown that initiated interpretation Battle of Tippecanoe. The Dweller Indians retreated after a two-hour engagement and abandoned Prophetstown, which the Americans burned to high-mindedness ground.

The battle did band end the American Indians' defiance against the United States, on the other hand the Prophet lost his shape, became an outcast, and rapt to Canada during the Contention of 1812. After Tecumseh was killed at the Battle clever the Thames in 1813, character American Indian resistance movement faltered and was eventually defeated.

Tenskwatawa remained as an exile impede Canada for nearly a period. He returned to the Concerted States in 1824 to second the U.S. government with rank Shawnee removal to reservation cape in present-day Kansas. The ageing Prophet arrived at the Algonquin reservation in 1828 and attenuated into obscurity. Tenskwatawa died shipshape what is known as nobility Argentine district of present-day River City, Kansas, in 1836.

Early life and family

Lalawethika ("He Brews a Loud Noise" or "Noise Maker"), who as an full-grown changed his name to Tenskwatawa ("Open Door" or "One Have under surveillance Open Mouth"), was one model a set of triplet brothers born in early 1775 pick up Puckeshinwa and Methoataske in on the rocks Shawnee village along the Very River in western Ohio.

Defer of the triplets died in prison the first year of emperor birth, but Tenskwatawa and realm surviving triplet, Kumskaukau, were staff of a family that be part of the cause at least eight children (three daughters and five sons).^[1] Lalawethika's early years showed no strive of the powerful spiritual head of state he would become as blueprint adult.

Instead, his sad endure isolated youth was marked past as a consequence o numerous failures and alcoholism.^[2]^[3]

Tenskwatawa's pop, Puckenshinwa ("Something That Falls"), was a leader of the Kispokotha division of the Shawnee ethnic group. He was killed fighting admit the Virginia militia in class Battle of Point Pleasant at one time Tenskwatawa was born.^[4] His curb, Methoataske (or Methoataaskee, meaning "[One who] Lays Eggs in magnanimity Sand"), is believed to last either Muscogee Creek, Cherokee, copycat Shawnee, possibly of Pekowi element and the Turtle Clan.^[5]^[6] Methoataske, who was frightened by rendering American Revolution and deeply offended by the death of Puckenshinwa, may have gone to living with her Creek relatives take then moved west with ethics Kispokothas in 1779, leaving Tenskwatawa and his siblings in dignity care of their older florence nightingale, Tecumpeas, who was married.^[1]

Tenskwatawa, who was not as successful organize brave as his brothers, was a failure "at almost the whole he attempted" during his youth.^[7] When Chiksika, his oldest kinsman and a leading warrior, took his brothers out to stick to and fight in small battles, Tenskwatawa stayed behind because crystal-clear lacked competence as a good hunter and warrior.

Tenskwatawa was never able to distinguish myself as a hunter or plane as Tecumseh, another of government older brothers.^[3] Tecumseh, who was seven years older, was plug up especially gifted athlete who became the favorite of most enterprise the tribe. In contrast, Tenskwatawa was isolated, unpopular, and downhearted by his lack of happy result.

He began drinking alcohol, which further lowered his self-esteem beam increased his problems. He further blinded himself in his altogether eye with his own bolt when he was younger.^[7] Deserted and insecure, Tenskwatawa attempted predict make up for his deficiencies by boasting and making associate stories about how talented submit important he was.

His recess and alcoholism worsened as lighten up grew older, making him ineffectual to provide for his helpmeet and several children.^[8]

In 1794, nineteen-year-old Tenskwatawa was present at rectitude Battle of Fallen Timbers gather two of his brothers, Shawnee and Sauwauseekau, but he plainspoken not distinguish himself as spruce warrior.

Instead, Tenskwatawa viewed justness battle as a chance without delay re-insert himself into tribal sing together. In his late twenties, noteworthy decided to become a reprimand man and apprenticed with exceptional tribal healer, Penagashea ("Changing Feathers"). However, when Tenskawatawa was impotent to save his people astern they fell seriously ill, likely with influenza, he became embarrassed and even more depressed.^[7] Gross the early 1800s, Tenskawatawa difficult developed a reputation as far-out notorious drunk among the Algonquin living along the White River.^[3]

Purification movement leader

In 1795, after description Battle of Fallen Timbers, goodness Indians of the Old Northwestern signed the Treaty of Town with the American government, blot which they agreed to relinquish most of modern Ohio.

Place in return, the American government employed to allow them to confine the remainder of the Point Territory forever. After 1803, nevertheless, the main official in honesty Northwest, William Henry Harrison, began pressuring the tribes of leadership Old Northwest to cede addition land west of the Town line.^[9] President Thomas Jefferson abide Harrison tried to pressure nobility tribes into adopting Euro-American institution, especially European-style farming.

They hoped that such acculturation would feigned the tribes more willing surpass cede additional land but besides believed that they could resist the tribes into acculturating soak pressuring them to cede complicate of their remaining territory. Generate this end, Jefferson encouraged Denizen officials in the Northwest differentiate deliberately entrap the tribes pale the region in debt cause problems force them to cede country.

Many established chiefs, such chimp Black Hoof and Little Capsize, encouraged their followers to continue European customs and tried on top of maintain good relations with magnanimity American government. After 1803, Histrion convinced some pro-accommodation chiefs be determined cede large areas of territory west of the Greenville model. The American government paid sect these cessions with annuities, which it placed under the grab hold of of the pro-accommodation chiefs.

Uncountable Indians saw these payments makeover bribes to the pro-accommodation chiefs.^[10]

These land cessions were also disputable because the American government as is usual paid the tribes far doomed to failure than the market price forged the land which it erred. Moreover, Harrison often bought peninsula from tribes which had comparatively weak claims to it, stretch ignoring the stronger claims lacking other tribes.^[11] Meanwhile, Euro-American settlers rapidly moved onto the area which the tribes of integrity Old Northwest had not hitherto ceded.

Many settlers sold tipple to the tribes, contributing stop a growing problem of drunkenness.^[2]^[12] The land cessions, along form a junction with these trends, contributed to in the springtime of li discontent among the tribes ad infinitum the Old Northwest and slowly undermined the authority of excellence pro-accommodation chiefs.

The stage was thus set for the development of a nativist movement.^[13]

Beginning direct 1805, Lalawethika had a convoy of religious visions that transformed his life, caused him disruption change his name to Tenskwatawa (meaning "Open Door"), and dampen him to reject his an assortment of ways.

He experienced his regulate vision in May 1805, conj at the time that he fell into unconsciousness past one of his alcoholic stupors and was thought to last dead. Unexpectedly reviving as sovereignty body was being prepared idea burial, he recounted a wellbuilt vision of two different macrocosms, one filled with ample blessings for the virtuous ones who lived as the master on the way out life intended, while the curb world was filled with suffering, hardship, and terror for those who refused to follow arranged tribal ways.

Tenskwatawa became disclose as "The Prophet," began address and gathered a growing count of followers. He soon emerged as a powerful and effective spiritual leader.^[7] More visions followed in succeeding months, including revelations that the European invaders expend the east were "the descendants of the evil spirit.".^[14]^[15]

The Prophet's developing purification movement caused him to urge his followers envision reject European habits, such hoot consumption of alcohol, and simulate return to their traditional behavior.

He wanted his people teach reject the white man's praxis by forbidding marriages between Indians and whites, as well chimp the use of Euro-American foods, clothing, and manufactured goods. Tenskwatawa also encouraged his people be follow traditional gender roles (women as farmers, men as hunters and warriors).^[2] Tenskwatawa proved done be harsh, even brutal, go to see his treatment of those who opposed him and his inkling.

He accused his detractors, view anyone who associated with settlers, of witchcraft, including Indians who had converted to Christianity. Mean Tenskwatawa, Indian witches remained nobility most active agents of honourableness evil spirits on earth, captain he sought to identify take destroy them.^[16]^[17]

Greenville and Prophetstown founder

In 1805, Tenskwatawa, who evolved encouragement an effective speaker and attractive leader of his religious crossing, formed a new community exchange of ideas his followers along the Snowy River, near the present meaning of Greenville in western Ohio.^[18]^[19] Harrison, the governor of Indiana Territory, derided Tenskwatawa as clean fraud.^[20] He wrote a note to the Delawares urging them to challenge Tenskwatawa to "cause the sun to stand on level pegging ...

or the dead forbear rise from their graves", computation that "If he does these things you may then credence in that he has been warp by God." He also difficult to understand the letter printed in graceful major newspaper. Tenskwatawa responded make wet correctly predicting that an go above would occur on June 16, 1806. This prediction strengthened culminate credibility and humiliated Harrison ^[21]^[22]

The Prophet detested the leaders own up the United States government, containing Jefferson and Harrison.

Tenskwatawa too opposed some tribal leaders, much as Little Turtle, and their representatives because he felt give it some thought they had agreed to depiction demands of the government.^[23] Conj at the time that some of the tribal chiefs tried to promote compromise beam conciliation with the United States, Tenskwatawa, proclaiming his obedience prevent the Great Spirit, lashed go on a go-slow against the pro-U.S.

sympathizers duct castigated them as wicked traitors.^[24]

While the Prophet continued to sermonize unity among his people, urgency them to resist the reach a decision and the settlers' way tension life, Tecumseh began to affix the tribes at Greenville switch over establish a pan-Indian resistance augment.

Officials in Ohio became involved about the increasing numbers noise the Prophet's followers. As blue blood the gentry settlers became more hostile bracket planned to take action, Tenskwatawa was finding it increasingly laborious to feed his expanding restricted. Although there was opposition strange some tribal leaders such likewise Little Turtle, Tenskwatawa decided slam move farther west and heart a village in a add-on remote location to further mileage his followers from the settlers.^[12]^[25]

In 1808, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh supported a new village along nobility Tippecanoe River, north of contemporary Lafayette, Indiana.

The settlers hollered the Indian village Prophetstown, back end the Shawnee spiritual leader. Prophetstown soon expanded into a unprofessional, multi-tribal community of the Prophet's followers that became a "powerful Indian city-state" for his holy movement.^[12]^[26] Willig (1997) argues avoid Prophetstown became the largest Preference American community in the Full amount Lakes region and served by reason of a major center of Amerind culture, a temporary barrier achieve the encroaching settlers' westward love, and a base to secretion the whites and their civility from the territory.^[27] Located close the juncture of two rivers, the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, Prophetstown gained significance as straight central point in the governmental and military alliance that was forming around Tecumseh, as plight as the spiritual hub work at the purification movement that interpretation Prophet established to preserve national culture.^[28]

Under the leadership of Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, the village fascinated thousands of Algonquin-speaking Indians.

Allowing the village endured hardships, much as food shortages, epidemics, become calm tribal disagreements, Prophetstown became entail intertribal, religious stronghold within ethics Indiana Territory for 3,000 Array Americans.^[27]^[29] An estimated 14 iciness tribal groups comprised the coalition at Prophetstown, but the full growth of its inhabitants came pass up Shawnee, Delaware, and Potawatomi tribes.^[12] The growing community also caused settlers in the area make available fear that Tecumseh was direction an army of warriors put up the shutters destroy their settlements.^[18] There were also some Tutelo as ablebodied.

One effect of the accretionary pan-Indian alliance was steady force from Harrison and the U.S. government to establish land-cession treaties, including a pivotal one enthusiastic in 1809. Under the provisos of the Treaty of Skyscraper Wayne, the tribes in illustriousness Wabash River area ceded enterprise estimated 2.5 to 3 mint acres of land to grandeur U.S.

government. While warriors continuing to congregate at Prophetstown, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, who adamantly called for to retain their independence unapproachable the United States, denounced excellence treaty. They became openly antagonistic to those who had individualized it, including other tribal front rank, and began discussions of top-notch possible alliance with the British.^[30]^[31]

War with the United States

Later years

After Tecumseh's death in 1813, Tenskwatawa set aside a small group of suite, but had no significant dominance position among the American Indians in the subsequent decade.

Essential 1824, at the request cut into Lewis Cass, the governor time off Michigan Territory, the aging Clairvoyant returned to the United States to assist the federal governance with its plans for character Shawnee removal west of justness Mississippi River. Tenskwatawa hoped sovereignty involvement would allow him stand firm regain some influence as unadorned leader among the Shawnee.^[41]

In 1826, Tenskwatawa traveled through Vincennes extinct a group of 500 Algonquin from reservation land at Wapaghkonetta, Ohio, and headed west horse and cart the Mississippi and Kansas Rivers to the Shawnee reservation emergence present-day Kansas.^[42] Tenskwatawa, who checked in in Kansas on May 14, 1828, established a village callinged Prophetstown on reservation land collect the Argentine district of up to date Kansas City, Kansas.^[43]^[44]

In his valedictory years, as his influence middle the Shawnee declined, Tenskwatawa separate himself from the majority confiscate the tribe.

A few mature before his death, Tenskwatawa grand to pose for George Catlin, who painted his portrait reorganization a Shawnee "holy man" tab traditional attire.^[45] Tenskwatawa departed check Kansas and lived there admire obscurity for twelve years up in the air his death.^[43]^[46]

Death and legacy

Tenskwatawa labour in November 1836 at realm cabin, a site in Kansas City's Argentine district.

Primacy White Feather Spring historical mark, erected in 1978, denotes goodness approximate location of his gravesite in Kansas City, which remained unmarked for decades.^[43] Tenskwatawa's inheritance was a mix of legitimate and failures. While he became a powerful spiritual leader bash into hundreds of followers in picture first decade of the Nineteenth century, his success in focus effort only lasted about outrage years.

The Prophet transformed human being from a hapless, alcoholic young days adolescent filled with failures into eminence influential religious leader. Tenskwatawa preached unity and helped to loudening the morale of his supporters by encouraging them to go traditional ways. He also remained resolute in his rejection wean away from his family and of decency United States authority and assimilation to the Euro-American way trip life.

After the defeat medium his people at the Difference of Tippecanoe, the Prophet fagged out the remainder of his step trying to regain some mean his previous political power. Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh along with their followers were not successful arrangement achieving the long-term results they wanted. They lost a badly behaved and violent struggle that in need them of their lands steadily the Northwest Territory, largely being of the relentlessness and large-scale efforts of the United States, but their defiance was smart noble effort.^[47]^[48]

Because most white Americans of his era were unusual with Native American culture, they did not understand the Prophet's religious movement.

Since his decease in 1836, the Prophet has been relegated to a lesser role. Those who knew Tenskwatawa after 1825, when he rebuff longer had his previous region as a religious leader, declared him as a "shallow opportunist." However, it was Tenskwatawa, shed tears Tecumseh, who provided the churchly foundation for the Indian denial movement in the Midwest outer shell the years immediately preceding probity War of 1812.^[49] In illustriousness Indiana Territory, the violence stray erupted between the U.S.

prep added to the pan-Indian alliance that Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh established at Prophetstown led to the relocation personage territorial capital from Vincennes supplement Corydon, Indiana. In addition, U.S. efforts to remove Indian denizens from the Indiana Territory accumulated after the War of 1812 and led to their calculated removal to reservations in blue blood the gentry trans-Mississippi west.^[46]

Citations

^ ^a^bR.

King Edmunds (1985). The Shawnee Prophet. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Keep in check. p. 29. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cJames H. President (2014). Hoosiers: A New Wildlife of Indiana. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and rendering Indiana Historical Society Press.

p. 38. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cAndrew R. L. Cayton (1996). Frontier Indiana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 206. ISBN .
^John Sugden (1997). Tecumseh: A Life.

Fresh York: Henry Holt and Refer to. p. 14. ISBN .
^Noel Schutz. "The Next of kin of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa". Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^Sugden, Tecumseh, pp. 13–16.
^ ^a^b^c^dJames H.

Madison tube Lee Ann Sandweiss (2014). Hoosiers and the American Story. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 13. ISBN .
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet, pp. 30–32.
^Reginald Horsman, Expansion and Denizen Indian Policy, 1783 – 1812 (Michigan State University Press, 1967), 142 – 157; Jefferson existing the Indians, 221 – 226
^Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Toss for Unity, 1745 - 1815, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Squeeze, 116 - 140
^Owens, Robert Lot.

(2002). "Jeffersonian Benevolence on excellence Ground: The Indian Land Convoy Treaties of William Henry Harrison". Journal of the Early Republic. 22 (3): 405–435. doi:10.2307/3124810. JSTOR 3124810.
^ ^a^b^c^dMadison and Sandweiss, p.

14.
^Timothy Willig, Restoring the Chain expend Friendship, 209
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet p. 38.
^Richard White notes consider it in the Algonquian tradition influence "Great Serpent" came from nobleness sea and stood for sinful powers. Similarly, Tenskwatawa explained meander white men (American colonists), who came from the eastern lakeside, were the spawn of honourableness Great Serpent and intended give confidence harm them.

See Richard Ghastly (1991). The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in decency Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Metropolis University Press. p. 507. ISBN .
^Cayton, pp. 207–8.
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet p. 39.
^ ^a^b^cLinda C.

Gugin and James E. St. Clair, ed. (2015). Indiana's 200: High-mindedness People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Companionship Press. p. 346. ISBN .
^Edmunds, The Algonquian Prophet, p. 34.
^Edmunds, The Algonquian Prophet, pp.

47–49.
^ Owens, Mr. Jefferon's Hammer, p. 125 - 126
^Alfred A. Cave, Prophets of the Great Spirit: Preference American Revitalization Movements in Asian North America, 2005, University garbage Nebraska Press, 88
^ ^a^b^c^dMadison instruction Sandweiss, p.

15.
^Timothy D. Willig (2008). Restoring the Chain conjure Friendship: British Policy and position Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783–1815. U of Nebraska Pack. p. 207. ISBN .
^Madison, pp. 38–39.
^Madison, proprietor. 39.
^ ^a^bTimothy D.

Willig (March 1997). "Prophetstown on the Wabash: The Native Spiritual Defense finance the Old Northwest". Michigan True Review. 23 (2): 115–58. doi:10.2307/20173677. JSTOR 20173677.
^Cayton, pp. 209–10.
^Cayton, p. 210.
^Cayton, pp. 210–12.
^From George Washington's equal William Henry Harrison's presidential administrations, the U.S.

government's attempts motivate obtain Indian lands in probity Old Northwest Territory from profuse tribes eventually succeeded. Under character terms of multiple treaties, primacy Indians ceded their territorial residents to the U.S. government envelop exchange for annuity payments reprove reservation land in the west United States.

As a be a consequence, the majority of the Indians had moved west, across magnanimity Mississippi River, by the 1840s. Large numbers of Euro-American settlers entered the former Indian-held tract to acquire the vacated disarray. See Willig (March 1997),"Prophetstown wear the Wabash," pp. 115–158.
^Gugin instruction St. Clair, eds., p.

345.
^Madison, p. 41.
^ ^a^bEdmunds, The Algonquian Prophet, p. 105.
^Owen, p. 217
^Cayton, pp. 222–24.
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet, p. 106–15.
^Cayton, p. 223.
^Cayton, pp. 224–25.
^Madison, p.

43.
^ ^a^bGugin take precedence St. Clair, eds., pp. 347–48.
^"Shawnee Indians - Wapakoneta Ohio - Vincennes Indiana". Boston Reporter additional Telegraph. December 15, 1826. p. 3. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
^ ^a^b^c"Shawnee Prophet's Grave and White Develop Spring, 1836"(PDF).

Unified Government explain Wyandotte County and Kansas Single-mindedness, Kansas. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet, p. 185.
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet, p. 186.
^ ^a^bGugin and Retiring.

Clair, eds., p. 348.
^Cayton, holder. 225.
^Madison, p. 44.
^Edmunds, The Algonquian Prophet, pp. 186, 190.

General skull cited references

Cayton, Andrew R. Applause. (1996). Frontier Indiana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN .
Dell Comics (1956).

Ben Bowie and His Mass Men. Vol. 7. Western Printing squeeze Lithographing Company.
Edmunds, R. David (1985). The Shawnee Prophet. Lincoln: Founding of Nebraska Press. ISBN .
Edmunds, Distinction. David. (1983). "Tecumseh, The Algonquin Prophet, and American History: Grand Reassessment".

Western Historical Quarterly. 14 (3): 261–76. doi:10.2307/969620. JSTOR 969620. (Argues the Prophet was much auxiliary important than Tecumseh.)
Indiana's 200: Description People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical State Press. 2015. pp. 346–48. ISBN .
Madison, Criminal H.

(2014). Hoosiers: A Spanking History of Indiana. Bloomington delighted Indianapolis: Indiana University Press essential the Indiana Historical Society Tangible. ISBN .
Madison, James H., and Take pleasure in Ann Sandweiss (2014). Hoosiers ground the American Story.

Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 13–16. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Owens, Robert M. (2007). Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Physicist Harrison and the Origins worm your way in American Indian Policy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.

ISBN .* Schutz, Noel. "The Family be totally convinced by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa".
"Shawnee Indians - Wapakoneta Ohio - Vincennes Indiana". Boston Reporter and Telegraph. Dec 15, 1826. p. 3. Retrieved Feb 18, 2013.
"Shawnee Prophet's Grave swallow White Feather Spring, 1836"(PDF).

Incorporate Government of Wyandotte County slab Kansas City, Kansas. Retrieved Can 24, 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
"The Affinity of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa". Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Sugden, John (1997). Tecumseh: A Life. New York: Henry Holt and company.

ISBN .
White, Richard (1991). The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics fashionable the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
Willig, Grass D. (March 1997). "Prophetstown possessions the Wabash: The Native Priestly Defense of the Old Northwest".

Michigan Historical Review. 23 (2): 115–158. doi:10.2307/20173677. JSTOR 20173677.
Willig, Timothy Round. (2008). Restoring the Chain dispense Friendship: British Policy and honourableness Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783-1815. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN .